ذرة في الأرض ولا في السماء ...
ولا أصغر من ذلك ولا أكبر
إلا في كتاب مبين
 | ||
| atom nucleus + electron — | nucleus proton + neutron | particles photon and more |
This is an atom. In its center, there is a [1] nucleus, surrounded by [2] electrons. Inside the nucleus there are protons & neutrons, and further inside there are particles like photon. Anyway, the protons inside the nucleus have a positive charge (+), while the electrons have a negative charge (—). When the number of protons equals the number of electrons, the charges balance.
Nuclear Fusion
 |  |  |  |
| 1 hydrogen | hydrogen clumps | nuclear fusion 2 helium | star |
وما أدراك ما الطارق النجم الثاقب
Tarq طرق means "knock, pound". Is At Taariq الطارق "the pounding", referring to the smashing & fusing of atoms inside stars?
The first atomic element was created when the universe began. It is the simplest, hydrogen. Hydrogen is numbered 1, which means it has 1 proton & 1 electron. Then gravity pulls the hydrogen atoms together into clumps. As more time passed, the clumps grew in size & pressure — until the atoms move so fast it start to smash & fuse their nucleus. This is called nuclear fusion.
Nuclear fusion created the second & third elements — helium & lithium. It also turned mass into light, so let there be light, the clumps burn as stars! ماشاء الله Inside the stars, the nuclear fusion continues, smashing & fusing, forming more elements.
Periodic Table Elements
 hydrogen |
 helium |
 lithium |
 berryllium |
 boron |
 carbon |
 nitrogen |
 oxygen |
 fluorine |
 neon |
 sodium |
 magnesium |
 aluminium |
 silicon |
 phosphorus |
 sulphur |
 chlorine |
 argon |
After the stars cooked up the elements in the periodic table [ref], we have all kinds of atoms.
For starters, these are atoms with elements number 1 — 18, with the protons numbered.
Bonding
|
As you can see, atoms have shells around their nucleus. Atoms seek to have full shells, as it makes them stable (less reactive to other atoms). For atoms with the atomic number 1-18, full shells means the 2-8-8 rule: · shell 1 has 2 electrons · shell 2 has 8 electrons · shell 3 has 8 electrons Atoms can give or share its electrons with other atoms, to make full shells. |
—  +Example 1: Give The fluorine atom can't make a full second shell bcoz it's missing an electron. Sodium has an extra electron. When sodium gives this electron to flourine, it becomes positively charged (more protons). When flourine receives this electron, it becomes negatively charged (more electrons). The opposite charges attracts & bond them. This is an ionic bond. | electromagnetic  Example 2: Share The oxygen atom need 2 electrons to make a full second shell. When it meets another oxygen atom, both of them have the same electrons so no one wants to give. But they can share. Atom1 shares 2 electrons & Atom2 shares 2 electrons. This is a covalent bond. |
 |
|
 |
||||||
Next are bonding hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and more | organic
NOTE shell 1 hidden
 myrcene C10 H16 |
 benzene C6 H6 |
 glucose C6 H12 O6 |
 lactose C12 H22 O11 |
 methane C H4 |
 oleic acid C18 H34 O2 |
 carbon dioxide C O2 |
 hydrogen peroxide H2 O2 |
 glycerine C3 H8 O3 |
 luminol C8 H7 N3 O2 |
 melanin C18 H10 N2 O4 |
 guanine C5 H5 N5 O |
 cytosine C4 H5 N3 O |
 DNA base pairs | ref ref |
 adenine C5 H5 N5 |
 thymine C5 H6 N2 O2 |
 adrenaline C9 H13 N O3 |
 noradrenaline C8 H11 N O3 |
 dopamine C8 H11 N O2 |
 serotonin C10 H12 N2 O |
 gaba C4 H9 N O2 |
 acethylcoline C7 H16 N O2 |
 glutamate C5 H9 N O4 |
 endorphins |
| neurotransmitters of the nervous system | ref | |||
 heme of hemoglobin | ref ref C34 H32 Fe N4 O4 |
NOTE nitrogen vacancy  chlorophyll of plants | ref C55 H72 Mg N4 O5 |
I also tried figuring rust. It seems the iron (Fe) loses electrons to oxygen and water (OH)3.
↓
And how the same carbon atom make two opposite stones — diamond & graphite. Even when both are pure carbon, it is their structure which makes them different. I hope I get the structure right. (◠v◠)' It seems the graphite is more dense, does it barricade light from passing through?
So that's how atoms build the universe, by bonding & interacting with each other ... ماشاء الله
Fundamental Forces
Atoms interaction is governed by 4 fundamental forces:
| 1 Electromagnetic
It attracts or repulse electrically charged matter, causing electric or magnetic effects. |
2 Strong It holds the positive nucleus together, so it basically attracts. |
3 Weak It ejects sub atoms from the nucleus, causing radioactive decay. |
4 Gravity It attracts matter by their mass. |
surrender
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم Glorify the Name of your Lord, the Most High. Who has Created (everything), and then Proportioned it. And Who has Measured (destined) and Guided. And who Brings out the pasture, and (then) Makes it black stubble. | Holy Quran 87:1-5
سبح اسم ربك الأعلى
الذي خلق فسوى والذي قدر فهدى
والذي أخرج المرعى فجعله غثاء أحوى
Well ... when I was in school, I only passed chemistry once. (m - m) But I'm so curious. So this is figuring things out & making it easy ... I hope I get this right. (◠v◠)' Now I see that the universe is designed — there are measurements, balance & time in the atom. Everything in this universe is obedient to a Law.
Jabir ibn Hayyan wrote Kitab Al-Kimya in the 8th century & inspired the European Geber. [ref]
Dreaming of the past? Well ... now we have Zara Salim Davidson. الحمد لله
I seek refuge in Allah SWT from errors.
Only Allah SWT Knows Best والله أعلم
 Universe |  Time |  Pulse |  Particle |  Rocks, Gems |
