Milleniums AC

Roman Empire, 2nd Century | UNESCO | REF
I read when the 1st century dawned, the Roman Empire was a melting pot ^{REF NCBI} in a period of peace & prosperity - known as Pax Romana. In the 2nd century, there was a wealthy Roman city in Syria called Palmyra - it linked the East (Persia, India, China) & the West (Mediterranean). Perhaps, this is the route:


The East - West met in Syria
In the 7th century, even Prophet Muhammad ﷺ - a young man before his prophethood - traded in Syria, bringing caravans from Mecca. رحلة الشتاء والصيف [Q106] So I wonder, was Syria an international trade center, bringing in traders & goods from around the world? ماشاء الله والله أعلم

Still, the Roman Empire met its match in the Persian Empire here. A mark of this rivalry is when the Romans fell to the Persian, in Jerusalem. But they later defeated the Persian & regained Jerusalem. غلبت الروم. في أدني الأرض، وهم من بعد غلبهم سيغلبون [Q30:2-6]


The dawn of Islam, 7th century
إذا هلك قيصر فلا قيصر بعده ، وإذا هلك كسرى فلا كسرى بعده"If Caesar is ruined, there will be no Caesar after him; and if Khosrau is ruined, there will be no Khosrau, after him". [SB8.78.625] & the words of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ came true - years after he passed away. Both the Roman & Persian Empires fell.

The Umayyad Mosque, Syria

Syria & Jerusalem came under the Arabs. It was the second Caliph, Umar Al Khattab who brought back the Jews into Jerusalem. Then the third Caliph, Uthman sent an envoy to China. His family the Umayyad ruled Syria, they built the Dome of Rock. Later after they fell, the Umayyad moved to Spain & established Al Andalus in the West. الحمد لله


The rise of the Mongol Empire, 13th century. Credit: National Geographic 1996

The Ilkhanate | Mamluk

Meanwhile the fourth Caliph, Ali moved to Iraq and his family the Abbasid established Baghdad's House Of Wisdom in in the East. الحمد لله But they later fell when the Mongols came. The Mongols conquered cities from Asia to Europe & became the largest contiguous empire in history. After the conquests, they connected trade cities and eased trade flows across the empire - known as Pax Mongolica.

Eventually, the Mongols in Persia (Ilkhanate) embraced Islam. الحمد لله & the mystery is ... did these Mongols influence from Kiev, Ottoman, Central Asia, Mughal, Malacca to China? But they're Asians in the Middle East and Eastern Europe. I'm mystified. (◠v◠)'

Xi'an Mosque China, 8th	Mezquita Spain, 10th	Kairaouine Mosque Morocco, 10th	Qalawun Complex Egypt, 13th
Mustansiriya Madrassa Iraq, 13th	Al Hambra Spain, 14th	Turabeg Khanym Turkmenistan, 14th	Registan Uzbekistan, 15th
Herat Grand Mosque Afghanistan, 15th	Bakhchisaray Palace Crimea, 16th	Taj Mahal India, 17th	Sultanahmet Mosque Turkey, 17th

Jabir Ibn Hayyan 🇮🇶 chemistry, 8th Al-Khwarizmi 🇮🇶 algebra, 8th Al-Haytham 🇮🇶 optics, 10th

Al-Biruni 🇺🇿 anthropology, 10th Avicenna 🇺🇿 medicine, 10th Ali Al-Abbas 🇮🇷 medicine, 10th

Al-Zahrawi 🇪🇸 surgery, 10th Al-Sufi 🇮🇷 astronomy, 10th Al-Khazini 🇮🇷 astronomy, 12th

Rashid Al-Din 🇮🇷 history, 13th Ibn Battuta 🇲🇦 geographer, 14th Zheng He 🇨🇳 navigator, 15th

Some of the Islamic architectures & scholars from the West and East الحمد لله

The European Age of Discovery, Around 15th Century | wikipedia

The Portuguese A Famosa in Malacca, built in 1511

Meanwhile, after the fall of Rome, Europe dimmed into the Dark Ages. But they were illuminated again - was it because of knowledge exchanges with the Islamic world? They met in Al Andalus ... Now they look more like Arabs, right?

After the Renaissance, the 15th century Age of Discovery saw the Europeans left the Mediterranean to the West in search of the Spice Route. Were they looking for India, is that why Native Americans are Red Indians? (◠v◠) As they go West, they found the Americas & circumnavigated the Earth.

So the Portuguese trailed Africa, eventually finding Ceylon & Malacca. & they conquered Malacca. After they built the A Famosa fortress, were the traders from Syria shocked & told this tale as the tale of Aladdin? والله أعلم Then in the next centuries - the Portuguese, Spain, British, Dutch, French rose as colonial empires across the world.

After the colonial era, various countries have now achieved independence. But western civilization still influences their present lifestyle, as it was deeply ingrained in their past.

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500 Rome, Persia	800 Arab	1300 Mongol, Ming
1600 Ottoman, Mughal Russia, Spain, Portugal	1900 Europe	2000 Nations

I seek refuge in Allah SWT from errors
Only Allah SWT Knows Best والله أعلم

What happened before all these?
Millenium BC

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Millenials

Civilizations

Mankind

Millenium BC

Translation