16th - 18th century
Aceh, Johor
After Malacca fell to the Portuguese in 1511, the Malaccan heirs moved to Perak and Johor. Aceh and Johor still welcomed descendants of Prophet Muhammad. | ref ref ref
In 1520, Sharif Muhammad from Johor became the first Sultan of Maguindanao. In 1565, Spanish colonization began - calling the Muslims "Moro" (Moors). | ref
In 1579, Alauddin from Perak became the Sultan of Aceh. His daughter married Syed Adullah Al Aidrus from Hadhramaut, whose descendants became Bendahara of Johor. They rose as Sultans of Johor and Terengganu.
In 1641, the Dutch - Johor alliance fell the Portuguese in Malacca. Under agreement, the Dutch ruled Malacca.
In 1786, Francis Light leased Penang Island on behalf of the British East India Company. The land fell to British in 1791, and British colonization began. | ref |
19th century
Malaya (Tanah Melayu)
In 1819, Johor empire divided - with Sultan Abdul Rahman in Riau Lingga, while Sultan Hussein in Johor. Hussein signed treaties with Stamford Raffles, and Singapore became a British trading post. | ref ref | ref
In 1824, the Anglo Dutch Treaty established British in Johor, while Dutch in Riau Lingga. | map
In 1826, the Straits Settlements (Penang, Malacca, Singapore) was established.
After Hussein passed away in 1835, Singapore became the seat of government with Daing Ibrahim installed in 1841. Then the Johor Treaty 1855 recognized Hussein's son, Ali as Sultan of Singapore, after ceding Johor except Muar to Daing. | ref
In 1867, the Straits became British Crown colony. In 1897, the court ruled Ali has no succesor and Istana Kampong Glam belonged to the Crown. | ref | ref ref | ref ref
In 1898, the Federal Council was established to rule the Federated States – Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang – which received British Residents. | ref
Under British rule, the land became British Malaya - profiting from its resources e.g. palm, rubber, tin, timber - and brought in large influx of immigrants. | ref ref ref ref ref | ref ref ref |
20th century
Malaysia
In 1909, the Anglo Siamese Treaty established British in Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan and Terengganu, while Siam in Patani. | ref ref | map
In 1910, Dutch Shell discovered the first oil well in Miri. | ref | ref ref
Then came WWII. The Japanese invaded Kota Baru in 1941 and Singapore in 1942. But they surrendered after the 1945 atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (ended WWII).
In 1946, the British established Malayan Union, * which was opposed by the Malays. The Malaya Federation replaced it in 1948, a general election ** was held in 1955, and the Federation gained independence in 1957.
* Malayan Union
Kuala Lumpur as capital, Singapore as a separate Crown colony, and the Sultans conceding powers except in religious matters.
** Democracy With Monarchy
The Agong, chosen among the 9 rulers, appoints the Prime Minister and the cabinet. Elections appoints members for Dewan Rakyat and Dewan Undangan Negeri.
In 1963, the Federation united with Singapore, North Borneo and Sarawak to form Malaysia. In 1965, Singapore left Malaysia. ref | ref ref ref | ref ref | ref ref ref C
In 1968, the communists renewed insurgency, lasting until the 1989 peace accord. | ref
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